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Grinding wheels are the most common types of grinding elements used in industry. Grinding wheels come in many different sizes, shapes, and abrasives. Their function is to remove material from the work piece to smooth it or to sharpen it or to polish it. This happens by the abrasive action of the wheel. Its each grain acts as a cutting tool.
The abrasive grains are the actual cutting tools of a grinding wheel. They chip off tiny thin flakes of the material while cutting. Each cutting grain is sharp and irregular. Abrasive type, abrasive grit size, hardness grade, grain structure and bond type all affect wheel performance.

Types of abrasives

Aluminum Oxide used for high speed steel applications
Silicon Carbide used for carbide grinding applications
Diamond used for carbide grinding applications
Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) used for high speed steel applications

Most grinding wheels are made of silicon carbide or aluminum oxide, both of which are artificially manufactured.

Bond
The abrasive particles are held in place by the bonding agent. The percentage of bond in the wheel determines the "hardness" of the grinding wheel. The greater the strength, the harder the grade. It apart from providing the hardness, it holds the wheel together while it rotates. The most common bonds used in grinding wheels are vitrified silicate, shellac, resinoid and rubber.

Hardness
This grade represents the amount of bond used in the wheel. Generally, harder grades produce a better finish, but will have a tendency to load up faster than softer grades.

Different materials provide different hardness:
Vitrified and silicate bonds - very soft to very hard
Shellac and resinoid bonds - very soft to hard
Rubber bonds - medium to hard range.

Abrasive Grain Size
Abrasive grains are selected according to the mesh of a sieve through which they are sorted which is based on set world standards. The larger the number of the grain, the smaller the grain size and finer the finish. Coarse grain improves stock removal rates.